Holding Pattern

A predetermined flight path where aircraft circle while waiting for clearance to land.

What is Holding Pattern?

A holding pattern is a racetrack-shaped flight path where aircraft fly in circles while waiting for clearance to proceed to their destination, typically due to congestion or weather at the arrival airport. Holding burns extra fuel and adds time to flights. Modern traffic management programs like GDPs aim to minimize holding by keeping aircraft on the ground at their origin rather than circling in the air, which is safer and more fuel-efficient.

Common Causes

Arrival congestion at destination
Weather moving through the airport area
Runway changes in progress
Emergency situations blocking runways
Unexpected traffic surges

Impact & Duration

Impact Level

Medium - Adds 15-45 minutes typically; extended holds may require diversion

Typical Duration

15-45 minutes; FAA limits holding to prevent fuel emergencies

Frequently Asked Questions

Why don't airlines just delay departure instead of holding?

Ground Delay Programs do exactly that. However, conditions can change after departure, requiring unexpected holding. Weather that wasn't forecast, or delays at connecting airports, can cause holding that wasn't anticipated.

How long can an aircraft hold?

Holding is limited by fuel. Aircraft carry reserve fuel for holding, typically 30-45 minutes worth. If delays exceed fuel reserves, the aircraft must divert to an alternate airport.

Do passengers know when they're in a holding pattern?

Pilots typically announce holding to passengers. You might notice the aircraft making repeated turns or see the same landmarks repeatedly out the window.